Riitta Excell wore a pair of homemade wool socks: white with red floral patterns and rounded blue toes. Around her were women sipping tea and enjoying plum pastries and chicken feta pie. They wore homemade wool socks, as well.

It was nearly 3 o’clock on a Tuesday afternoon, and Pirkko Fihlman’s living room on the outskirts of Helsinki was filled with black and white family photos, porcelain figurines of angels and birds, and embroidered rococo chairs. The clink of tea cups fell silent, and then Excell squeezed her eyes closed, clenched her fists, and began to sing a lament in Finnish.

“I took pills for my depression

just to smother my emotions.

Doctors said that I would need them,

but I learned to cry without them.

So I stopped taking the tablets,

then I let my feelings rise up

for my mother when she passed on,

for my marriage when he quit me,

left me as a single mother,

with a hard job and no weekends.

Now I weep without taking pills,

yet I still feel very angry,

and the fury seems well-founded,

but the feelings will not hurt me.”

Excell’s lyrics may be modern, but the style of singing comes from an older place.

“Lament [singing] is a very old, traditional way to express your feelings,” says Fihlman, a lament teacher and matriarch of the group. “If you are hurt or you have sorrows or you want to express your feelings, you cry it out. You let it come out. That’s what they would do in the old times.”

In the past, the custom was observed at funerals, weddings, and during times of war. But today, practitioners have a modern application for it: musical therapy. By providing an opportunity to process emotions through song, lament singing can confer mental health benefits to modern practitioners.

Originally, the tradition wasn’t about emotional healing which is what makes it so unique

“[In lament] people can express themselves,” Fihlman says. “Very often people [in my courses] make laments of their grief. They miss their parents or they have troubles in their marriage or maybe they were hurt in childhood and they never had a chance to bring it up.”

While the custom resembles many new age practices, Finnish lament singing has a feature that those systems don’t: it teaches a tradition specific to the region instead of borrowing from other cultures.

“The function of [lament singing] was to establish positive contact with your ancestors, the dead, and help them in some way,” says Jim Wilce, a professor of anthropology at Northern Arizona University and author of numerous books and papers on lament singing around the world. Originally, he says, the tradition wasn’t about emotional healing.

Which, says Wilce, is what makes the revival so unique.

Riitta Excell sings a lament. Image: Katri Heinämäki

“In every traditional lament you have a connection with what I call ‘the divine powers,’” says Eila Stepanova, a folklore studies PhD student at the University of Helsinki. “[This isn’t] a Christian god. It’s something in between – an older layer of traditional beliefs.”

While lament singing exists in communities from Bangladesh to New Zealand, according to Wilce, and has even been documented in the ancient poem Beowulf, the form being practiced in Finland has its roots in the area now known as the Republic of Karelia – the region on the Russian side of the Finnish border. Stepanova says the traditional laments –sung for funerals, weddings, war – were performed to help people move from one world to the other, be it to the land of the dead, to a new family, or to the battlefield. At ceremonies for the dead, for instance, laments were sung to wake deceased members of the family in the other world to meet new arrivals.

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But traditional laments weren’t simply a style of song: they were a unique language in which nothing was ever named directly.

“For example, you have substitute names for all personal relations [and] for objects or phenomenons,” says Stepanova. “So in lament language, when you talk about your mother, you don’t use the word mother. You say, ‘the dearest woman who brought me [into] the sweetest world who carried me,’ or ‘my dear carrier,’ or ‘my dear cherisher.’”

Other examples include the sun, which can be called a ‘golden disk’, or arms, which can be called ‘shoulder branches.’ And in lament singing, positive descriptions are used. Things are sweet, light, bright, dear or wonderful. The one exception is any description of the lamenter herself.

“She is always the miserable [one]. She never says the word ‘I,’” explains Stepanova. Instead, when describing herself, the lamenter might say she’s the ‘miserable body,’ ‘woman of great sorrows,’ or ‘body made of tears.’

Stepanova’s mother published the first lament dictionary in 2004 documenting approximately 1,400 different metaphors for words used in the songs. Like any language, it’s evolving with time. Cars can be ‘headless horses,’ phone calls can be ‘messages that come through metal strings,’ and televisions can be ‘talking boxes.’

But while Finland is seeing a revival – instructor Fihlman says she has conducted nearly 200 courses with almost 2,000 students – in other parts of the world, traditional practices have declined.

Laments were museum items, and they stopped being a living tradition. But now we have this new generation

Around the world, lament singing is threatened. In Bangladesh, for instance, practitioners often face physical violence in rural Muslim societies.

“People are being shamed by their relatives,” says Wilce. “By fundamentalist Christian missionaries in Papua New Guinea and [in] other places by the values of rationality and urbanising modernity.”

Yet in Finland, the tradition is blossoming, despite a history that has often threatened its survival. In Karelia, Fihlman says that lament singing existed in rural communities for generations, but it was viewed by Orthodox and Lutheran Christians as a pagan tradition and often driven underground. Urbanisation was another threat. In the last century, as young people moved away from their hometowns to find jobs and schooling in cities, villages began to disappear, along with lament singers. And in the early days of the Soviet Union, authorities often employed lament for ideological and propaganda efforts, creating songs that expressed support for the Soviet system and its leaders.

Stepanova says that, eventually, only old people told ancient stories and sang antique laments. “They were museum items, and they stopped being a living tradition among people,” she says.

But somehow, adds Fihlman, it survived. “We don’t have those old people anymore,” she says. “But [now] we have this new generation.”

Lament teacher Pirkko Fihlman wears a traditional Käspaikka scarf during a gathering at her home in Helsinki. Image: Katri Heinämäki

Minna Hokka wore a candy-striped turtleneck sweater in chartreuse, cream, and maroon. Fihlman, Excell, and other lamenters looked on as she raised her head and began singing. Unlike Excell’s lament, Hokka’s was a historical ode recalling Karelia’s bitter history with Russia.

“To the people of Karelia,

souls and spirits born in beauty:

Through the windows were your green fields,

in the blue skies larks were singing,

saints and icons stood in silence,

watching over wooden log homes.

Kanteles echoed in the dark rooms,

and the stars blinked in the night sky,

but your thoughts were wrapped in darkness:

iron hail rained on your rooftops.”

Hokka, 41, is part of the new generation learning from Fihlman. She says she hopes to start composing laments for young people struggling with addiction.

“Nowadays crying is seen as losing face, so people avoid and fear it,” says Hokka. “Finland needs its tears.”

For Hokka and other lamenters, the practice isn’t just a hobby: it’s an ancient tradition now finding contemporary use. And in Fihlman’s home on the outskirts of Helsinki, it’s taking root with a new generation, one sad song at a time.

Nowadays crying is seen as losing face, so people avoid and fear it. Finland needs its tears

“Does [lament singing] have connection to the past? To tradition? To beliefs or values?” Stepanova says. “Or do we make it a museum item behind glass and go and think, Ahh, nice, yes, and forget about it? It depends on us.”

This article was originally published in YES Magazine.

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The Finnish government has launched a two-year experiment offering a guaranteed sum of €560 (£475) per month to 2,000 unemployed Finns. It hopes the pilot, which began on 1 January, will reduce bureaucracy and poverty, and boost employment. For the randomly selected participants, the cash sums will replace their existing social benefits and will continue to be paid even if they take up jobs. The current Finnish system can discourage people from finding jobs because even low salaries can mean benefits payments are significantly reduced. Unemployment in Finland is currently at 8.1 per cent.

“Basic income is kind of a symbol that we believe in your capacity and we think that you are actually able to do things which are beneficial to you, and also for your community,” Heikki Hiilamo, a professor of social policy at Helsinki University, told the New York Times.

The concept of basic income has been gathering interest from legislators and governments in recent years, from the Netherlands to Canada. European countries in particular have warmed to the concept of incentivising work through blanket financial support. But this is the first national trial of an idea that was first mooted by English-American political theorist Thomas Paine in 1797.

In Finland, the 2,000 people – aged between 25 and 58 – will receive monthly lump sums free of charges and taxes. The Finnish government has set aside €20m for the experiment. A reported 51 per cent of Finns are in favour of basic income, but the plan has also faced political opposition from both the left and right. Some have dubbed the scheme a state handout, arguing it lacks strict guidelines and could hamper people’s motivation to maintain jobs.

Professor Olli Kangas is director of research at Kela, Finland’s social security body. He told Positive News: “Since the basic income is very controversial in political terms it is impossible to say what will happen. For the supporters the basic income is a gift from heaven and for the opponents it is an invention of Satan.”

Marjukka Turunen, head of Kela’s legal affairs unit, said basic income could not only be beneficial for long-term unemployed people and those with mental health conditions, but also for economic sustainability. By encouraging recipients to seek employment, removing disincentives to work and reducing bureaucracy, it could simplify Finland’s benefits system and help people better map out their finances by providing a feeling of security, she says.

Authorities in Switzerland, Scotland, France and the Netherlands have all recently announced an interest in running basic income pilots in the coming years. A survey carried out last year by Dalia Research found that 68 per cent of people across the 28 EU member states would ‘definitely or probably’ vote in favour of some form of universal basic income – also known as a citizen’s wage.

In the Netherlands, the cities of Utrecht, Tilburg and Nijmegen are among those planning basic income experiments this year under several different conditions. In Utrecht, the Know What Works scheme will see several test groups get basic monthly incomes of €970 (£825), some with an obligation to seek work and others unconditionally, whether or not they secure employment. A third group will get an extra €125 (£106) providing they volunteer for community service.

Some of the poorest families in the Italian city of Livorno have been receiving a basic income of just over €500 (£425) a month since June 2016, and a further 100 families will be included from this month. In Canada, Ontario is poised to launch a C$25m (£15m) basic income pilot project this spring. While in Scotland, councils in Fife and Glasgow are currently considering trial schemes to launch in 2017, which would make them the first parts of the UK to experiment with universal basic income. The UK’s Green party also supports the idea of a basic income.

Photo: Jérôme-Choain

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